The polymer thick film heating element converts electrical energy into thermal energy. Here's how it works:

1.Conductive Ink and Conductivity: Special conductive inks with metal or carbon particles in a polymer matrix are used. When voltage is applied, electrons flow through the conductive paths formed by the particles. Due to resistance, electrical energy turns into heat according to Joule's law.
2.Function of Polymer Matrix: It holds the conductive ink and affects its distribution and resistance. It also gives the element flexibility and protects the ink from the environment.
3.Types and Their Features
Standard Resistance: With a fixed resistance, it has a stable current and heat output under a certain voltage, suitable for basic heating needs.
Self-regulating (PTC): Its resistance rises with temperature. It heats up quickly at first, then the resistance increases to limit temperature rise, providing overheating protection.
High-temperature Thick Film: Special ink and process enable it to work well at high temperatures, maintaining conductivity and heat generation.
HRT (High Resistance Technology): It has a high resistance. Despite a small current under the same voltage, it can still output enough heat for specific applications.
In short, this heating element meets various application needs by using different types based on the resistance heating of conductive ink.

Features and Benefits of Thin Film Heaters:
The film heaters made of polyimide possess extremely strong flexibility and bendability, and are also highly durable.
As a film substrate with a thickness of 0.15mm, polyimide can be attached to complex surfaces featuring corners, edges, gaps, curves, bends, etc. They can be installed in small spaces or areas with limited space.
The installation is convenient.
Heat is evenly distributed on the heated surface. It can be designed to be able to heat selected areas or points with different watt densities that are different from the main area.
It is cost-effective. Especially, selective heating in the required areas can further reduce energy consumption.
The maximum operating temperature can reach up to 392°F (200°C).
It has a high watt density, which can reach up to 50 watts per square inch. It heats up rapidly and approaches the set point within a few seconds after being powered on.
Since the film is transparent and tough, visual inspection and troubleshooting can be carried out without disassembly.
This film can inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria, and is resistant to radiation and corrosive chemicals.
It can adapt to various shapes, such as pointed, long, round, etc., which are determined by the contour of the surface being heated.

Applications of Thin Film Heaters:
The polyimide film heater, with its excellent properties, has wide applications in various fields:
1.Aerospace: Keeps satellite instruments and aircraft engine parts working stably in extreme temperatures by heating them, like warming batteries and fuel pipelines.
2.Medical Equipment: Used in blood analyzers for sample heating to ensure accurate results, and in physiotherapy devices to provide comfortable heat for treatment.
3.Automotive: Installed on EV batteries to boost efficiency in cold weather and heats sensors to maintain their normal function.
4.Electronics: Improves battery performance in portable devices and maintains precision in semiconductor and optical instruments by controlling temperature.
5.Food Industry: Serves as a heating element in food processing machines for even heating and in packaging for sealing.
6.Scientific Research: Provides a stable temperature for samples in experiments, especially in material science for heat treatment.
7.Defense and Military: Ensures military equipment like missiles and radars work well in harsh conditions by heating their electronic components and batteries.